Why Firefighters Face Elevated PFAS Risk
Firefighters are exposed to PFAS through two primary routes: aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) used in fire suppression, and PFAS-treated turnout gear designed to repel water and heat. AFFF contains high concentrations of PFOS and PFOA, and repeated skin contact and inhalation during training and actual fires creates cumulative exposure that far exceeds that of the general population.
Studies conducted at fire stations have found PFAS contamination in the air, surfaces, and even in the food and beverages consumed by firefighters on duty. The gear itself off-gasses PFAS, meaning simply wearing protective equipment contributes to daily exposure.
Health Outcomes Documented in Firefighter Studies
Multiple occupational health studies have documented elevated rates of testicular cancer, prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and bladder cancer among firefighters compared to the general population. The National Firefighter Cancer Cohort Study, one of the largest of its kind, has linked PFAS blood levels to increased cancer incidence.
Beyond cancer, firefighters show higher rates of thyroid dysfunction, elevated cholesterol, and immune system changes consistent with PFAS exposure. PFAS blood levels in active firefighters are typically 3–10 times higher than in the general population.
Reducing Occupational PFAS Exposure
Efforts to reduce firefighter PFAS exposure include transitioning to PFAS-free AFFF alternatives, developing PFAS-free turnout gear, and improving decontamination protocols after fire events. Several states have already banned PFAS-containing AFFF for training purposes.
On an individual level, thorough decontamination after fire incidents, including showering and changing clothes before leaving the scene, significantly reduces ongoing dermal absorption. Regular medical monitoring for PFAS-related health conditions is increasingly recommended for career firefighters.