DWR Coatings on Outdoor Apparel
Durable water repellent (DWR) finishes on outdoor apparel — waterproof-breathable jackets, rain pants, hiking boots, and similar gear — have historically relied on PFAS compounds for their water-shedding properties. Long-chain PFAS DWR treatments were phased out by major brands following regulatory pressure in the 2010s, but replacement short-chain PFAS and fluorocarbon polymers remained in use during transition periods. Testing by multiple organizations has found PFAS in outdoor gear from major manufacturers even after announced phase-outs.
Dermal and Inhalation Exposure Pathways
PFAS in apparel creates exposure through skin contact during wear and potentially through particle release during laundering. The dermal absorption rate for PFAS from textiles depends on the compound’s physicochemical properties, skin temperature, and the area of skin contact. High-intensity athletic activities that increase sweating and skin temperature may enhance PFAS absorption from treated apparel. Laundering DWR-treated items releases PFAS-containing microparticles into wastewater, contributing to aquatic contamination.
Industry Transition to Fluorine-Free DWR
The outdoor industry has been moving toward fluorine-free DWR technologies using polyurethane, polysiloxane, and bio-based polymer alternatives. Brands including Patagonia, Cotopaxi, and several others have committed to complete fluorine-free transitions on specific timelines. Independent testing organizations certify fluorine-free DWR products, and the bluesign and OEKO-TEX certifications have been updated to restrict PFAS in certified materials. Consumers can look for fluorine-free labeling or contact brands directly about DWR chemistry.
Performance Trade-Offs
Fluorine-free DWR alternatives typically provide water repellency comparable to C6 (shorter-chain) PFAS DWR under initial conditions but may require more frequent re-treatment to maintain performance over garment life. High-intensity applications — mountaineering in sustained rain, marine activities — may reveal performance differences between PFAS-based and fluorine-free DWR under challenging conditions. For most everyday outdoor uses, fluorine-free DWR provides adequate performance while eliminating PFAS exposure and environmental contamination concerns.